Spanish Words Without a One-Word English Equivalent

Here are some Spanish words for which there is no good one-word English equivalent: Amigovio/amigovia This word is fairly new and has various meanings dependent on context, but it often refers to a live-in girlfriend or boyfriend, or a friend with benefits. Katrina era mi amigovia, pero desde que estoy con Belà ©n no la vi mà ¡s. (Katrina was my friend with benefits, but since Ive been with Belà ©n I dont see her any more.) Anteayer The day before yesterday, formed by combining ante (before) and ayer (yesterday). Ese es el restaurante al que fuimos anteayer. (That is the restaurant we went to the day before yesterday.) Aprovechar Although this verb can often be translated simply as to use, it often carries a strong connotation of getting the most out of something. No pude aprovechar de la piscina del hotel porque prefiero la playa. (I couldnt take advantage of the hotels swimming pool because I prefer the beach.) Bimestre As a noun, a bimestre is a period of two months. El ahorro en un bimestre fue de 2,500 euros. (There was a savings of 2,500 euros in two months.) As an adjective, bimestre means bimonthly (every two months). Cacerolazo A type of protest in which participants bang on pots and pans. Los cacerolazos comenzaron ayer temprano en Buenos Aires. (The pots-and-pans protest began early yesterday in Buenos Aires.) Centenar A group of 100. The word is often used as an approximation for a large group. Un centenar de inmigrantes de origen subsahariano han intentado saltar la valla de Melilla. (About 100 sub-Saharan immigrants have tried to jump the fence at Melilla.) Concuado/concuada Someone married to a sibling of your spouse is a concuà ±ado or concuà ±ada. La esposa del hermano de mi esposa is mi concuà ±ada. My wifes brothers wife is my concuà ±ada. Consuegro/consuegra If you have a child, his or her spouses parents are your consuegros. For example, your sons wifes mother would be your consuegra. No sà © si mi consuegra es mi amiga or mi enemiga. (I dont know if my childs spouses mother is friend or foe.) Decena Just as a docena is a dozen or group of 12, a decena is a group of 10. Puedes comprar flores por decena. (You can buy flowers 10 at a time.) Desvelarse This reflexive verb refers to not getting sufficient sleep. Cuando nos desvelamos, el cuerpo obtiene energà ­a de una fuente mà ¡s accesible: la comida. (When we dont get enough sleep, the body gets energy from the most accessible source: food.) Someone who is sleep-deprived is desvelado. Empalagar To be excessively sweet, either literally (as of some candy) or figuratively (as with personality). Te voy a enseà ±ar mi receta particular, por causa de que la original me empalaga. (Im going to send you my own recipe, because the original is too sweet for me.) Entrecejo The area above the nose, below the forehead and between the eyebrows. Quiero quitarme sin dolor los pelos del entrecejo. (I want to painlessly remove the hairs between my eyebrows.) Estrenar To wear, use, perform or display something for the first time. Estrenà © las zapatillas que mi marido me habà ­a regalado. (For the first time, I put on the slippers that my husband had given me.) A noun form, estreno, can refer to a movie or play premiere or similar events. Friolento Sensitive to cold. Era friolento y se cubrà ­a los hombros con un suà ©ter. (She was sensitive to the cold and covered her shoulders with a sweater.) Friolero has the same meaning. Estadounidense From or of the United States. American is a common equivalent but is sometimes ambiguous as it can also refer to someone or something from the Americas. La cultura estadounidense està ¡ construida por la clase media. (U.S. culture was built by the middle class.) Internauta Internet user. Internauta is not capitalized and can be masculine or feminine. El acceso a Internet para la poblacià ³n mexicana representa al menos 55.3 millones de internautas. (Internet access for the Mexican population is available to at least 55.3 million Internet users.) Manco Having one arm, either from birth or as an amputee. Un dà ­a conocà ­ una muchacha manca. (One day I met a one-armed girl.) Quincena This is a period of 15 days or two weeks. British English has fortnight, which is seldom used in American English. Esta quincena es la mà ¡s tranquila del aà ±o en Pamplona. (This two-week period is the quietest of the year in Pamplona.) The word can also refer to the 15th of the month, when many workers in some countries get paid. Sobremesa After-meal conversation, from sobre (over) and mesa (table). Con poco tiempo para la sobremesa volvemos a la carretera. (With little time to chat after eating, we went back to the highway.) Trasnochar To stay up all night or put in an all-nighter. Nos trasnochà ¡bamos jugando juegos como Islander y Super Mario. (We would stay up all night playing games such as Islander and Super Mario.) Tuerto Having only one eye, or seeing with only one eye. Se llama Pirata por ser tuerto. (He was called Pirate because he had one eye.) Tutear To speak to someone using tà º, the familiar form of you. A cultural equivalent might be to speak with someone on a first-name basis. Nunca habà ­a llegado al punto de tutear a alguien. (I never have reached the point of using tà º with someone.)

Negotiations Between International Companies From American...

Most of the companies in the word have the need to negotiate to obtain the resources they require to produce, transport or sell their services or products. Negotiation is a process that requires two or more parts involve that need something that only the counterpart can offer. Is in that moment when the negotiation begins, so the parties can find a solution that will satisfy the needs they have. In this process, the parties may assume they have different interest that can go against their best interests, based on the impression or stereotype they have of the counterpart. This mistrust may increase when the parties are from different cultures or have different backgrounds, since negotiations are not only between companies from the same country, but also with companies from different countries. An example of this is the negotiations between international companies from American and Asian countries, a situation that is increasing a cause of the globalization. An even though this culture s know that negotiations is a significant component in business, there are differences in how this process is approached by American and Asian cultures. First, the negotiation style of Asian and American cultures varies depending on the background of the parties involved in the process. Asian cultures tend to use the collaborative style of negotiation, this mean that they try to be cooperative and work with the counterpart to find a solution, while American cultures tend to use competitiveShow MoreRelatedEssay about Cobalt Systems and Siverlight Electronics856 Words   |  4 Pagespolicy and strategy between the 2 countries Cobalt Systems is a multinational corporation present in more than 50 countries divided into regions. Cobalt Systems is a highly centralized organization as all the operations throughout the world are overseen by 13 US based ‘Management Board’ members. 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Business report Essay Example For Students

Business report Essay Every country has its own social customs and gestures. Ireland has its share of social customs that differ from the United States, but for the most part the countries are relatively similar. Friendliness and hospitality have always been the hallmark of the Irish people. People in Ireland react to strangers very politely, as you would expect in most parts of the United States. The attitude toward foreigners in Ireland is reasonably friendly, and welcoming, as opposed to being hostile. In Ireland people greet each other much like they do in the United States. In a social setting, a handshake is appropriate when greeting another man, when greeting a woman a hug is appropriate. The manners in Ireland follow the United States almost exclusively. Entering or leaving a room in Ireland is much like entering or leaving a room in the United States. When entering and greeting a person, it is considered good manners to shake a mans hand, or offer a woman a hug, but beyond that, when exiting a room, there is no bowing or nodding. Do not go overboard, the Irish arent physically effusive. If an Irish person refers to you by your last name, do the same, generally in a social situation they switch quickly to using your first name.1 Other than this using a name for an introduction follows the usual Mr., or Mrs., when referring to an adult. In a non-formal setting, such as a social atmosphere, referring to someone by his or her first name is completely acceptable.1 In the part of Ireland researched, social customs do not dictate where or when people are expected to sit in a social or business setting; however it would be advised when in a business situation not to be seat ed until asked. There are no hand gestures, facial expressions, or phrases noted that would be considered rude in Ireland that would not be considered rude in the United States. This also works in the reverse direction, where, such hand gestures, facial expressions, and phrases that would be considered rude in the United States will also be taken as rude in Ireland. When speaking to a person from Ireland, you would stand just as you would when speaking to an American in the United States. A relaxed manner, and a reasonable distance are the norm. While in a restaurant in Ireland you would signal a waiter in the same manner that you would in the United States. The customary tip in Ireland is 10 to 15 percent. Many hotels and restaurants add this in the form of a service charge indicated on the menu or bill.2 It is not customary to tip in pubs unless you have table service, in which case a small tip is advised. Tipping taxi drivers, porters, hairdressers, etc., is customary, but not obligatory.2To refuse an invitation is viewed much like it would be in the United States. If it were necessary to decline an invitation, it would not be viewed offensively. When refusing an invitation, you would use a polite manner, as would be expected in any country, usually explaining the reasons for your absence. Eye contact is important when communicating in Ireland, as would be in any country. When conversing with someone it is appropriate to maintain eye contact, not allowing your eyes to wonder, and give the impression of disinterest. When n on-verbally communicating, nodding your head is acceptable, where as when disagreeing shaking your head is acceptable.1 When in a social or business setting, there is no information alluding to inappropriate subjects. However, you should most likely exercise your best judgment, and refrain from talking about personal matters or opinions. There is no social hierarchy in the social structure of Ireland. The former colonial power shows no apparent power in present Ireland. Time is expressed in Ireland in the same way it is expressed in the United States. There is no deviation. Banks are generally open 10AM-3PM, Monday-Friday (closed for an hour midday). Shops are open from 9AM, or 9:30AM until 5:30PM, or 6PM, Monday-Saturday. Many towns have one weeknight for late shopping, usually Thursday or Friday, when shops remain open until 8PM, or 9PM.2 People in Ireland view business appointments very seriously in Ireland. Be prompt, but allow your Irish counterpart the leeway to be late.3 Avoi d appointments in June or August (vacations), and around holidays. Irish clothing is much like that of the United States. Proper business attire consists of a suit and tie while casual clothing is a decision based on ones personal preference. The color of choice is green, which represents the rolling green pastures of Ireland.4 Men wear kilts on special occasions to recognize the dress of their ancestors.5 These kilts are much like skirts that reach to the knees. They are often made of either wool or cotton, and display a plaid pattern. Most men wear their kilts on St. Patricks Day. Attitude towards human body odors is parallel to that of the United States. Irish people eat three meals a day, much like Americans. The food is also much of the same. Contrary to popular belief, corned beef, cabbage, and potatoes are not eaten on a regular basis. However, when you move away from the large cities of Dublin and Galway, the way food is presented is in some ways different. For example, when ordering a tuna salad sandwich, one would anticipate tuna, mayonnai se, and maybe some celery or onions. Actually, what would be served would be some plain tuna on bread with a dinner salad on the side, hence the name Tuna Salad Sandwich. Most business is done in the aforementioned major cities. Most business entertainment is done at large hotels or restaurants. Food and drink is usually decided upon by whoever is planning the engagement. At these gatherings it is a large part of the Irish culture. The seat of honor is at the head of the table or, for larger parties, in the front of the room. The Irish political system is a stable, yet divided one. The current Prime Minister, called the Taoiseach, is Bertie Ahern. His power is much like that of the President of the United States. The Irish Parliamentary System consists of the Houses of the Parliament, also known as the Oireachtas,The Senate and the House of Representatives. However, political and religious differences between Catholics and Protestants cause severe conflict in Northern Ireland. The Protestants, who were loyal to Britain before Ireland became independent, claim that Protestantism should be the only religion practiced. On the other hand, Catholics continue to fight against the persecution.6 This has been the case for centuries, and although there exists a cease-fire, this conflict is likely to never resolve. This has an adverse effect on business in this area. When violence erupts, foreign institutions are discouraged from opening up a marketplace. Unfortunately, this violence sometimes leads to the loss of innocent lives. Ancient governmental forms in Ireland involved feudal states and the existence of barbarous clans and tribes.7 Under the constitution of 1937, Ireland is a sovereign, independent democratic state.8It became a republic in 1949 when Commonwealth ties with Britain were severed. The channels used to express political opinions include television, newspaper, and radio all of which are controlled by governmental agencies as well as private institutions. Talking politics in business situations is much the same as in the United States. Of Masques and Triumphs EssayIreland is one of the most profitable locations for industrial investment in Europe and is especially attractive to US investors. Ireland has a higher proportion of young people in full-time education than the US and most other industrialized countries. One of the attractions for the investor, apart from this young and well-educated English-speaking workforce, is that Ireland has a very low corporation tax rate.14 There are more than 1,000 foreign owned manufacturing/international services companies in Ireland. The Irish economy is one of the fastest growing in the world, and this has reflected a need for more workers. To obtain work in Ireland, it is essential to have a fluent, working knowledge of English. Although Irish people may appear very informal and causal, conduct yourself in a professional manner. The business transactions in Ireland are similar to those in the United States. It is illegal and unethical to give or to receive a gift of money for arranging a business transaction. Unlike the United States, Ireland focuses more on cooperation than competitiveness. People in Ireland are hard workers. To work hard has always been a part of the Irish culture. The Irish have a good attitude toward work; this is one of the reasons for Ireland being one of the fastest growing countries in the world. The people in Ireland are very friendly. You can go to see people without having to arrange in advance to meet them. If a visitor comes to your home, late in the evening you would walk to a bar to be with friends. Ireland is like a community center atmosphere. The atmosphere is more relaxed in Ireland than in the United States. People are truly friendlier in Ireland.15 It is important to remember that the way of life, customs, educational methods and standards in Ireland are very different from those in the United States. Some expressions and terms may have different meanings from those in the United States. The laws governing personal and business relationships, trade un ions, driving, personal freedom, internal travel, buying and selling and so on can be quite different from what is seen as the norm in the United States. All postal, telegraph, telephone, and broadcasting services are operated by government agencies. In 1998 Ireland had 435 telephone mainlines for every 1,000 residents. In 1997 there were 697 radio receivers and 402 television sets in use for every 1,000 inhabitants. The national language of Ireland is called the Irish Language. This is considered the first official language. This is because although the Irish language is the national language, it is not the most widely used one. The number of Irish speaking people is decreasing every year. Most people in Ireland speak English. This is the reason the English language is considered the second national language of the country. The constitution provides for both Irish and English as official languages.16Ireland has long been recognized for providing top class education at all levels. The government of Ireland puts 5.6% of its annual GDP to education.17 That is a substantial amount of money dedicated to one part of the country. The education system is administered by the Department of Education, which provides the bulk of the current and capital funding. In the 1993/94 census, approximately 960,000 people were full-time students throughout the many levels of schools. That is more than a quarter of th e entire country population. The schooling in Ireland is broken down into three different levels. The first level is for children up to twelve years of age.17 This is similar to grammar schools in the United States. There are over 3,000 first level schools in Ireland. The second level of schooling is for students twelve years of age and older. This is similar to an American high school. There are over 450 secondary schools in Ireland. Finally, the third level of schooling is that of the University level. There are four universities in the country; Dublin University, Trinity University, National University of Ireland (NUI) and the University of Limerick. The first two levels of educational schooling are public, therefore cost-free. However, since 1996, a law was passed making even the university level free. Above all, there is a tradition of respect for education and learning in Ireland. Whether in the cosmopolitan cities, or the unspoilt countryside, sport is central to Irish cultur e. Some of the most popular sports played in Ireland are: association football (soccer), rugby football, equestrian sports, golf, boxing, and various water sports. Horse racing is a highly popular spectator sport throughout the republic.18 Most of these sports are played not only by the professionals, but also by all ages throughout the country. One of the national heroes would have to be that of, St. Patrick, Patron of Ireland. St. Patrick worked in a missionary in the 5th century. He played a crucial part of converting Ireland into the Christian faith. There are many important dates on the Irish calendar. Many of which happen to be festivals. St. Brighads Feast (Feb. 1), May Eve, Festival of Lughnasa (Aug), and Halloween. Being that most of Irelands people are of Christian faith, all of the Christian holidays such as Christmas, Easter, St. Johns Night, and the Feast of St. Martin, are celebrated. The Irish National Anthem-The Soldiers Song or Amhran na bhFiann, was written in 1907 by Peader Kearney, who together with Patrick Henney also composed the music. It was first published in 1912, and was formally adopted in 1926. It consists of three stanzas and a chorus, the text of which goes as follows:Soldiers are we, whose lives are pledged to Ireland;Some have come from a land beyond the wave,Sworn to be free, no more our ancient sire landShall shelter the despot or the slave. Mid cannons roar and rifles peal,Bibliography: